Which control method is based on informal communications?

The answer is C, Knowledge network, because this control method utilizes informal communication channels and encourages collaboration, sharing of information, and building relationships among employees. In a knowledge network, individuals can connect based on expertise, interests, or projects, leading to enhanced problem-solving and innovation through informal interactions rather than structured, formal channels. This approach allows for a more organic flow of information and encourages a culture of learning and collective intelligence.

In contrast to bureaucratic control, which relies on established procedures and formal policies, and output control, which focuses on measurable performance outcomes and results, knowledge networks prioritize the value of human connections and informal knowledge sharing. Personal control can also involve direct and typically more formal oversight (like mentoring) rather than the decentralized, informal interactions associated with knowledge networks. Therefore, knowledge networks are distinguished by their reliance on informal communications to facilitate organizational control and improvements.